References
Lo, J., Chan, L. & Flynn, S. A systematic review of the incidence, prevalence, costs, and activity and work limitations of amputation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, and traumatic brain injury in the United States: a 2019 update. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 102, 115–131 (2021).
Miller, L. E. & Herbert, W. G. Health and economic benefits of physical activity for patients with spinal cord injury. Clinicoecon. Outcomes Res. 8, 551–558 (2016).
Liu, Y. et al. Soft and elastic hydrogel-based microelectronics for localized low-voltage neuromodulation. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 58–68 (2019).
Wang, L. et al. Injectable and conductive cardiac patches repair infarcted myocardium in rats and minipigs. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 1157–1173 (2021).
Zhou, L. et al. Soft conducting polymer hydrogels cross-linked and doped by tannic acid for spinal cord injury repair. ACS Nano 12, 10957–10967 (2018).
Liang, S. et al. Paintable and rapidly bondable conductive hydrogels as therapeutic cardiac patches. Adv. Mater. 30, 1704235 (2018).
Raspopovic, S. et al. Restoring natural sensory feedback in real-time bidirectional hand prostheses. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 222ra19 (2014).
Srinivasan, S. S., Maimon, B. E., Diaz, M., Song, H. & Herr, H. M. Closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation. Nat. Commun. 9, 5303 (2018).
Tringides, C. M. et al. Viscoelastic surface electrode arrays to interface with viscoelastic tissues. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 1019–1029 (2021).
Yuxin, L. et al. Morphing electronics enable neuromodulation in growing tissue. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 1031–1036 (2020).
Seo, H. et al. Durable and fatigue‐resistant soft peripheral neuroprosthetics for in vivo bidirectional signaling. Adv. Mater. 33, 2007346 (2021).
Jin, S. et al. Injectable tissue prosthesis for instantaneous closed-loop rehabilitation. Nature 623, 58–65 (2023).
Jo, H. et al. Electrically conductive graphene/polyacrylamide hydrogels produced by mild chemical reduction for enhanced myoblast growth and differentiation. Acta Biomater. 48, 100–109 (2017).
Huang, G. et al. Functional and biomimetic materials for engineering of the three-dimensional cell microenvironment. Chem. Rev. 117, 12764–12850 (2017).
He, S. et al. The conductive function of biopolymer corrects myocardial scar conduction blockage and resynchronizes contraction to prevent heart failure. Biomaterials 258, 120285 (2020).
Guo, R. et al. Accelerating bioelectric functional development of neural stem cells by graphene coupling: implications for neural interfacing with conductive materials. Biomaterials 106, 193–204 (2016).
Wu, C. et al. Cell-Laden electroconductive hydrogel simulating nerve matrix to deliver electrical cues and promote neurogenesis. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 11, 22152–22163 (2019).
Wang, J. et al. Endogenous electric‐field‐coupled electrospun short fiber via collecting wound exudation. Adv. Mater. 34, 2108325 (2022).
Zhang, L. et al. An injectable conductive hydrogel restores electrical transmission at myocardial infarct site to preserve cardiac function and enhance repair. Bioact. Mater. 20, 339–354 (2023).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Qu, J., Zhao, X., Ma, P. X. & Guo, B. Injectable antibacterial conductive hydrogels with dual response to an electric field and pH for localized “smart” drug release. Acta Biomater. 72, 55–69 (2018).
Qu, J. et al. Biocompatible conductive hydrogels based on dextran and aniline trimer as electro-responsive drug delivery system for localized drug release. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 140, 255–264 (2019).
Kleber, C., Lienkamp, K., Rühe, J. & Asplund, M. Electrochemically controlled drug release from a conducting polymer hydrogel (PDMAAp/PEDOT) for local therapy and bioelectronics. Adv. Health. Mater. 8, 1801488 (2019).
Xu, Y. et al. Convergent synthesis of diversified reversible network leads to liquid metal-containing conductive hydrogel adhesives. Nat. Commun. 12, 2407 (2021).
Zhou, L. et al. Injectable muscle-adhesive antioxidant conductive photothermal bioactive nanomatrix for efficiently promoting full-thickness skeletal muscle regeneration. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1605–1617 (2021).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Guo, B., Wu, H., Liang, Y. & Ma, P. X. Injectable antibacterial conductive nanocomposite cryogels with rapid shape recovery for noncompressible hemorrhage and wound healing. Nat. Commun. 9, 2784 (2018).
Chen, J., Peng, Q., Thundat, T. & Zeng, H. Stretchable, injectable, and self-healing conductive hydrogel enabled by multiple hydrogen bonding toward wearable electronics. Chem. Mater. 31, 4553–4563 (2019).
Song, K. I. et al. Compact optical nerve cuff electrode for simultaneous neural activity monitoring and optogenetic stimulation of peripheral nerves. Sci. Rep. 8, 15630 (2018).
Song, K.-I. et al. Adaptive self-healing electronic epineurium for chronic bidirectional neural interfaces. Nat. Commun. 11, 4195 (2020).